Enormous Casualties
By early March there had been enormous casualties on both sides. The US and South Vietnamese had lost 6,000 men while
the North Vietnamese lost a staggering 50,000 and in the process had seen the destruction of their organisation's command
structure in the south.(Back to Top)
General Westmoreland, supreme commander of US forces, perceived incorrectly that the Tet offensive paralleled the Battle of
the Bulge in World War Two where the Germans staged a desperate bid to go for broke before meeting a rapid and inevitable
defeat.
However as General Giap pointed out after the war, 'for us, you know, there is no such thing as a single strategy. Ours is
always a synthesis, simultaneously military, political and diplomatic - which is why quite clearly, the Tet offensive had multiple
objectives.'
One of the major objectives had been to drive a wedge between the Americans and the South Vietnamese. The embassy
attack was aimed at showing up the vulnerability of the American forces. The Vietcong had hoped that their liberation of towns
and cities would lead to an uprising against the Americans, they believed that the South's weary soldiers, dislocated peasantry,
fractious youth and widely discontented layers of South Vietnamese society were ready to join the struggle. However this only
occurred on a sporadic basis.
One of the most awesome battles in the offensive took place in Khesanh. Khesanh was a 'rolling region as lovely as Tuscany,'
but it was also the home of a small US army base. Westmoreland believed that Giap's troops were converging on Khesanh as
part of the policy to seize control of the northern provinces. He also likened it to the 1954 battle of Dien Bien Phu, when the
North Vietnamese attacked the French in a bid to enhance their bargaining power at the then Geneva peace conference.
The analogy with Dien Bien Phu was preposterous - the US was in a far stronger position than the French were in '54. In
'Operation Niagra' the Americans had unleashed their B52 bombers ariel firepower - the greatest in military history. The
Vietcong suffered huge losses, as many as 10,000 dead, while only 500 US marines were killed.
Westmoreland and most of the US high command were convinced that the Vietcong were desperately trying to re-enact
Dien Bien Phu. But it was actually a brilliant piece of strategy to draw the Americans away from the big population centres and
leave them open to assault.
Not only were the Americans caught off guard by Khesanh, but also by the rapidity and surprise of the whole offensive itself.
Years later a West Point textbook describe the US intelligence failure to see what was happening on a par with Pearl Harbour.
CIA Report
A 1968 CIA report concluded: 'the intensity, coordination and timing of the attacks were not fully anticipated,' adding, 'another
major unexpected point' was the ability of the Vietcong to hit so many targets simultaneously.
(Back to Top)
Tet was the final nail in the coffin for the administration of Lyndon Johnson. In 1963, when he came to power in the wake of the
assassination John Kennedy, his approval rating was over 80%. But by 1967 it was down to 40%. 'But then came Tet - and his
ratings plummeted - as if Vietnam were a burning fuse that had suddenly ignited an explosion of dissent.' (Stanley Karnow)
By the beginning of March his popularity dropped towards 30%. More dramatically, endorsement for his handling of the war
stood at only 26%. His credibility was gone.
Then came the humiliation of the New Hampshire Democratic primary, where he polled only 300 votes more than Eugene
McCarthy, an unknown standing on an anti-war ticket. This was unprecedented for an incumbent President, who would usually
go for re-election unhindered. The result electrified the nation and intensified the anti-war protest.
I Shall Not Seek
On March 31st, Johnson announced 'I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your
President.' He also announced that air strikes would be confined to below the twelfth parallel and authorized the opening of
negotiations with the North Vietnamese. However, troop levels remained at about 500,000 and the war would drag on for
another five years. More American soldiers would die after Tet than before, and the United States itself would be 'torn apart by
the worst internal upheavals in a century.'(Back to Top)